Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) is a methodology that studies artificial systems taking inspiration from the behavior of real ant colonies and which are used to solve discrete optimization problems. In 1999, the Ant Colony Optimization metaheuristic was defined by Dorigo, Di Caro and Gambardella.
The first ACO system was introduced by Marco Dorigo in his Ph.D. thesis (1992), and was called Ant System (AS). AS is the result of a research on computational intelligence approaches to combinatorial optimization that Dorigo conducted at Politecnico di Milano in collaboration with Alberto Colorni and Vittorio Maniezzo. AS was initially applied to the travelling salesman problem, and to the quadratic assignment problem.
Since 1995 Dorigo, Gambardella and Stützle have been working on various extended versions of the AS paradigm. Dorigo and Gambardella have proposed Ant Colony System (ACS), while Stützle and Hoos have proposed MAX-MIN Ant System (MMAS). They have both have been applied to the symmetric and asymmetric travelling salesman problem, with excellent results. Dorigo, Gambardella and Stützle have also proposed new hybrid versions of ant colony optimization with local search.
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